来源:中国军网 作者:王明哲
价值攻防是从战略层面开展认知域作战的重要方式,通常价值攻防是通过干预人的思维、信念、价值观等,以达成瓦解敌方共识,摧毁敌方意志,进而掌控战场综合控制权的目的。准确把握价值攻防的特点、机理、手段,对夺取未来认知域作战优势至关重要。
价值攻防作用认知域的特点
价值攻防是指通过引发个体或群体的深层逻辑思辨、价值判断改变,完成其对相对稳定的认知结果的干预和影响,以期重构人的意志、思维、心理、情感等认知能力。价值攻防主要有以下几个特点:
软性对抗。传统战争主要依靠暴力手段来削弱瓦解敌方的军事能力,通常具有较强的战争烈度。认知域作战将不再局限于攻城略地等硬性对抗,而更注重围绕价值阵地展开渗透与反渗透、攻击与反攻击、控制与反控制,通过争夺认知域对抗的主导权,进一步激发物理域和信息域的作战效能,从而夺取战场主动,甚至达到不战而屈人之兵的效果。实践中,价值攻防往往着眼一个国家、民族的文化传统、价值观念和社会心理展开,最终达到对敌方意志摧毁、认知操纵、精神控制的目的。
全维释放。现代战争日益呈现出总体性、多域性、全时性特征。认知域作战旨在通过干预人的意识进而影响战场效果,而意识的相对稳定决定了人的世界观、信仰等价值观念一般情况下往往较为稳固,因此价值攻防需要长期的、不间断的、全息全维地进行。从时间上看,价值攻防模糊了平战边界,常态在战、随时在战,持续积累、逐步释放作战效能;从空间上看,价值攻防模糊了作战前后方界限,在有形空间与无形空间全方位展开;从领域上看,价值攻防模糊了军事与非军事的界限,不仅发生在军事领域,也存在于政治、经济、外交、文化等领域,呈现出全域覆盖的特点。
科技赋能。认知域作战是一项技术密集型的复杂系统工程。人工智能、脑科学、量子计算等新兴技术手段全流程渗透,正在引发认知域作战的迭代升级和深刻变革。智能化工具从根本上增强了认知域作战人员操纵对手思想和干预对手思维的能力,人机混合作为作战力量新手段新样式将改变未来战争主体,自主对抗、云脑制胜或成为主流攻防模式。近年来,北约推出的认知电子战设备,旨在通过信息攻防来改变对手价值认知及行为。科技发展还引发了认知革命,信息的迅捷传播进一步加速了大众价值认知差异,认知孤岛加剧了不同主体之间的价值鸿沟,智能化带来的社会结构变迁则深刻改变着政治文化格局。从这点出发,在未来认知域作战中,牵住科技创新的“牛鼻子”,掌握关键核心技术,对于夺取战场主动至关重要。
价值攻防作用认知域的机理
价值攻防是认知域作战的高阶对抗,作用对象指向的是人的深层次认知。意识是社会存在在大脑中的反映,对社会存在的调节、对大众意识的引导和对人脑作用的改变,都能强化或扭转人的意识。要想在攻防对抗中制胜对手,就要遵循思维认知规律,把握价值攻防制胜机理。
冲击价值“保护带”。占领价值观制高点是开展价值攻防的逻辑起点。社会意识往往由相对稳定的核心价值观念和外围的辅助性理论构成,经济、政治、宗教、文化等各种理论都能被建构调适以用来保护核心价值观念免受外来冲击,因此也承受着其他价值观的冲击挑战。在外军看来,价值攻防就是要通过文化渗透、宗教冲突、战略传播等手段,配合物理域和信息域的行动,不断冲击对手意识形态的“保护带”领域。这往往需要抓住影响对手认知的价值观念、政治态度、宗教信仰等,通过扰乱其社会群体心理,诱发价值困惑,动摇作战意志,摧毁文化认同,甚至改变瓦解其原有的认知体系,从而灌输或植入新的、于己有利的价值观念,以实现作战目的。
点燃冲突“引爆点”。认知域作战涉及历史文化、政治制度、民族情感、宗教信仰等多个范畴,战争主体也从单纯军事人员拓展到普通民众。通过炒作话题争端、公共事件,激发普通民众的认知冲突,将成为认知域作战的重要手段。在近几场局部冲突中,交战各方通过有目的性的叙事点燃国家民族情绪,引发危机进而影响战局已屡见不鲜。未来战争,一些国家利用热点敏感事件引爆舆论,依托网络技术对普通民众进行聚拢吸附、煽情动员、精准操控和诱导塑造,从而推动一般性冲突上升为信仰之争、制度之争、价值之争将成为常态。
控制认知“断裂面”。认知空间作为观念层面的存在,由全部作战个体的主观认知空间叠加而成,是分化的、差异性的乃至冲突性的价值集合体。然而,意识形态具有“缝合”功能,通过认知塑造、话语建构,可以把断裂的认知有效地“缝合”起来,把分散的价值凝聚起来,形成相对稳固的认知体系。二战后法国对战败创伤曾进行过有效的认知“缝合”,其运用一整套独立叙事逻辑,阐述战争如何为法国提供了“新的机会”,极大地凝聚了法国人民对政府的政治认同。在认知域作战中开展价值阵地争夺,应注重敌方内部的认知断裂面,寻找敌我之间的认知连接点进行认知“缝合”,最大限度地团结各方力量,孤立瓦解敌人。
价值攻防作用认知域的主要手段
价值攻防使认知对抗从舆论、心理等层面拓展到思维空间,从军事领域拓展到总体全域,从而实现了对敌方深层的政治认同的打击。当前世界军事强国都在加强战略预置,瞄准目标主体、战法手段的深刻变化,变革作战思维,积极掌控认知域作战的主动权。
以深层摧毁为目标。认知域作战直接作用于人的大脑认知,相比于物理域作战,更加容易实现深层的战略意图。特别是人的语言层级、思维层级和文化层级的“高阶认知”一旦被突破,有助于从战略上扭转战场态势,实现战争的政治目的。基于此,认知域作战往往始于未战,通过干预对手内政外交,动摇其意识形态和价值观基础等;战时则注重影响敌方战争决策、战役指挥、战斗实施的价值判断,打击或削弱作战人员的决策能力和抵抗意志等。敌对各方都试图做到“维系自己的世界,同时增加对手的破坏性压力”,以通过争夺认知优势实现决策优势,进而取得行动优势的目标。
以普通个体为中心。未来认知域作战的主体将不再局限于军事人员,广义上讲,可以进行信息交流传播的个体都可能成为参战力量。相比于社会领域的精英,普通民众更容易接受和传播多元价值,其认知空间被操纵的概率更大。当前,网络媒体正成为社会领域信息交流传播的主要渠道,通过有针对性的信息引导、信息投送,进而达到认知塑造的目的。外军实践证明,借助对普通个体的认知塑造,可以造成从下到上的递进渗透和认知干扰,使普通民众与社会决策层之间的意识观念产生背离,在关键行动中无法达成有效共识。
以持久作战为形式。与物理域军事斗争直接打击摧毁“硬”目标不同,认知域作战的潜在目标为人的认知,价值攻防指向的是改变作战对象的观念、信念、意志、情感等,往往需要潜移默化、步步为营。有效的认知进攻一般在作战准备阶段就发起,并贯穿战争始末,通过收集对手的认知态势、决策习惯、思维模式等情况,有针对性地进行营造态势、改变氛围等行动。因此,认知域作战更需要加强总体设计,尤其要注重协调多方力量,在舆论场营造、外交等多个阵地多点强化预置准备,从而形成整体作战合力。
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